Jumat, 15 Januari 2010
Materi Kelas X Science 1
Kelas X Science 1, hari ini membaca teks Report tentang Bees halaman 82-83 dibuku cetan dan mengartikan teks yang baru sampai paragrap 2, dilanjutkan minggu depan...
Materi kelas X science 2
Kelas X science 2 telah membahas latihan tentang Bees dibuku latihan halaman 83, dan nilai telah dimasukan kedalam kolom nilai
Kamis, 14 Januari 2010
Materi tgl 14 Januari 2010
Materi pelajaran bahasa Inggris tgl 14 January 2010 adalah membahas teks Report halaman 82 - 83 dibuku Paket
Report
The Communicative Purpose: To describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, man – made and social phenomenon in our environment
The Generic structure: General Classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
Description : tells what phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits, or behaviors (if living) or uses (if non-natural)
Report
The Communicative Purpose: To describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, man – made and social phenomenon in our environment
The Generic structure: General Classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
Description : tells what phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits, or behaviors (if living) or uses (if non-natural)
Modul semester 2
Modul Semester 2
Report
News item
Tag ending
UNIT I
Standar Kompetensi
Membaca
Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana berbentuk narrative, descriptive dan news item dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan
Kompetensi Dasar
Merespon makna dalam teks fungsional pendek (misalnya pengumuman, iklan, undangan dll.) resmi dan tak resmi secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
Report
The communicative purpose:
- To describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, man – made and social phenomenon in our environment
(Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistemtis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia atau gejala-gejala social)
The Generic structure:
General Classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan dan klasifikasinya
Description : tells what phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits, or behaviors (if living) or uses (if non-natural)
(Memberikan penjelasan tentang hal yang dideskripsikan. kalau hal yang dideskripsikan merupakan benda hidup maka bisa dideskripsikan bagian – bagiannya, kualitasnya, kebiasaanya, atau perilakunya. Kalau benda mati maka yang dideskripsikan adalah kegunannya)
- Ciri Kebahasaan
• General noun, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Island’
• Relating verb untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya Reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilian)
• Action verbs dalam menjelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly
• Present tense untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang umum, misalnya komodo dragons weight more than 160 kg
• Istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen
• Paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi
• Focus on generic participants (Fokus pada hal yang dideskripsikan secara umum)
Text I
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
Whales are the largest animals on earth. Bigger than elephants, they may grow 95 feet long, and weigh 150 tons. A baby blue whale, just born can be 23 feet long and weigh 3 tons.
General Classification
Although whales live in the oceans and swim like fish they are not fish. They are mammals, like cows and elephants. Unlike fish they bear young alive, not as eggs. Their babies live on their mother’s milk. They breathe through their lungs and hold their breathe when they go under water. If they cannot come to the surface to breathe fresh air, they will drown. They are warm-blooded. Fish, however, lay eggs, breathe oxygen in the water, and are cold-blooded.
Description
Whales live in the oceans. In the winter some of them go to warm waters to breed and in the summer most of them go to cold waters to feed. There are two kinds of whales, whales with teeth (toothed whales) and whales without teeth (baleen whale). The tooted whales eat fish and squid, which they can catch with their teeth, although they swallow their food without chewing it. The baleen whales eat plankton (small sea animals and plants). When they find plankton, they open their mouths and swim into the plankton. When they close their mouths they squeeze out the water and swallow the plankton
Description
Whales have few enemies. Only human and the killer whales attack whales. And whales do not seem to fight among themselves. They usually live from 20 to 30 years.
Description
Exercise 1
1. What is the difference between whales and fish?
___________________________________________________________
2. How do the whales breathe?
___________________________________________________________
3. How many kinds of whale? What are they?
___________________________________________________________
4. What are the enemies of whales?
___________________________________________________________
5. …….most of them go to cold waters to feed
What does the underlined word mean?
___________________________________________________________
6. Do the whales live in the river? Why / why not?
___________________________________________________________
7. Why do they go to cold waters in summer?
___________________________________________________________
8. What is the main idea of second paragraph?
___________________________________________________________
9. Do the whales lay the eggs? Why / why not?
___________________________________________________________
10. They bear young alive
What is the Synonym of the underlined word?
___________________________________________________________
Text 2
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
The Sumatran elephant’s is in Sumatra, Indonesia. The average male elephant reaches eight feet high and weighs up to one ton. The males are always larger than the females. They are massive creatures.
General Classification
Elephants have a trunk, two tusks, two eyes, two ears and two lumps on their head. They are known to be clever animals. When an elephant is hot, they fan themselves by flapping their ears back and forth. When an elephant herd wants to move they use their ears as a guide. Their hearing range is very large. Elephant hear some noises that can not be heard by a human ear.
Description
Sumatran elephants have enough strength to knock down a tree. They can also pick up a log using just their trunk and their tusks. Their trunk is their nose. They also use it like a hand. Just below their trunk they have their tusks. Only male Sumatran elephants have tusks. A baby elephant is called a calf: the females are called cows.
Description
Exercise 2
1. What do you call a baby elephant?
___________________________________________________________
2. What do elephants use to pick up a log?
___________________________________________________________
3. What are the uses of an elephant’s trunks?
___________________________________________________________
4. How tall is the male elephant?
___________________________________________________________
5. Do female elephants have tusks?
___________________________________________________________
6. What do you call female elephants?
___________________________________________________________
7. How do elephants keep themselves cool?
___________________________________________________________
8. Where do you find the tusks?
___________________________________________________________
9. They are massive creatures
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
___________________________________________________________
10. Who has the better hearing, human or elephant? Why?
___________________________________________________________
Text 3
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
Eagles are large birds of prey which mainly inhabit Eurasia and Africa. Outside these two areas, just two species (the Bald and Golden Eagles) can be found in North America - (north of Mexico), a few species in Central and South America, and three others in Australia. General Classification
Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard or Red-tailed Hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the vultures. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. Description
Text 4
The fish are dying in the Adirondack lakes in northern New York Sate. Fishermen are worried. This used to be a favorite spot for sport fishing. But every year there are fewer fish. Some lakes – 6% of them – now have no fish at all. Scientists are beginning to get worried too. What is killing the fish?
The cause of this is acid rain. Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused by factories that use burn coal or oil or gas. These factories send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories some of unhealthy thing in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away. This is what is happening in the Adirondacks. There are many factories in the Midwestern states. They are sending a lot of smoke into the air. The wind blows the smoke towards the air. That means towards New York State and the Adirondack area.
The rain in the Adirondacks is not natural and clean any more. It is full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidic. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice. It hurts when it gets in your eyes. It is dying in the Adirondacks.
Exercise 3
1. The topic of the text is ________
a. the Adirondack lakes
b. acid rain
c. air population
d. fish killers
e. factories in the Midwestern states
2. The problem that the writer point out in the text is that _______
a. fish has become scarce in the united states
b. there are too many factories in the Midwestern states
c. six percent of fish in the Adirondack lakes in dying
d. the total catch of fish in the Adirondack lakes is decreasing
e. many rain carries a lot of smoke hundreds of miles away.
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about acid rain?
a. Acid rain kill all living things in the Adirondacks
b. Acid rain causes air pollution in northern New York State
c. Smoke emitted by factories creates poisonous acid rain
d. Coal, oil or gas increase the level of poison in acid rain
e. Acid rain carries a lot of smoke hundreds of miles away
4. The rain in the Adirondacks is harmful to the environment, because:
a. the wind that blows from the Midwestern states send a lot of smoke containing dangerous chemicals
b. the rain comes from an area where air is badly polluted by factory wastes
c. air pollution caused by factories burning coal, oil or gas has been a problem in the Adirondacks
d. factories operating in the Adirondack area send polluted smoke high in the air and come down with the rain
e. the Adirondack area is geographically located in one the Midwestern states which is a center of industry
5. If water form an acidic lake gets into our eyes, it will?
a. be like vinegar
b. cause blindness
c. clean them
d. be like lemon juice
e. hurt them
6. The main idea of third paragraph is?
a. Factories use burn coal or oil or gas
b. The fish are dying in the Adirondack lakes
c. The rain in the Adirondack is not natural and clean anymore
d. Scientists are beginning to get worried
e. The cause of acid rain
7. They are sending a lot of smoke into the air
The underlined word refers to ….
a. Fish
b. rain
c. fisherman
d. scientist
e. factories
8. Why the rain in Adirondack is not natural and clean anymore?
a. it is full of acid chemicals
b. some lakes have no fish at all
c. it is used to be a favorite sport fishing
d. there is no rain at fall
e. it is a long summer
9. Adirondack is in …..
a. British
b. USA
c. Indonesia
d. Australia
e. Mexico
10. Why do the fishermen worry about it? Because….
a. There is no rain at all
b. The water in the lake is dry
c. It is rain all day
d. The factories produce the fish
e. The total catch of fish is decreasing
Text 5
Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the world today. People make the air dirty which machines that produce gases and smoke. Badly polluted air can cause sickness and even death. Everyone wants to stop pollution, but it is a difficult problem to solve.
Most of our pollution is caused by things that people need. Automobiles and air planes cause pollution, but they also provide people with transportation. Factories cause air pollution, but they also provide people with jobs and products. In crowded cities, thousands of automobiles and factories can add tons of pollution to the air everyday.
Nobody likes air pollution. It makes clear, fresh air look cloudy and small bad. It is dangerous to everyone’s health. Air pollution damages the plants that provide us with food. Most materials wear out more quickly in polluted air than they do in clean air. Polluted air can even damage strong materials like steel and concrete.
If people wanted to stop pollution immediately, they would have to stop using many of the machines that machines that make life easier for them. Most people do not want to do that. Pollution can also be produce less pollution. People can work together to persuade businesses to be more concerned about the problem.
1. Air pollution is a difficult………..to solve
a. Product
b. project
c. Program
d. people
e. Problem
2. Air pollution can damage………... that provide food.
a. Restaurants
b. people
c. cities
d. plants
e. factories
3. Word they (paragraph 3, line 3) refer to……...
a. engineers
b. people
c. materials
d. cities
e. scientists
4. The main idea of paragraph 3 is……….
a. Pollution can stopped slowly
b. People make the air dirty
c. Machines make life easier
d. Pollution is dangerous for everyone’s health
e. Most of pollution is caused by things that people need.
5. Which of the following is the suitable title for the text……...
a. Persuade businesses
b. factories provide jobs
c. Crowded cities
d. air pollution
e. Problem in the word
6. People can become ………..from pollution
a. Sick
b. happy
c. Unhappy
d. dirty
e. angry
7. Most of the pollution is caused by things people………
a. say
b. do
c. need
d. make
e. see
8. Polluted air can even damage………
a. businesses
b. engineers
c. governments
d. steel
e. scientists
9. Which of the following is not true to the text……….
a. Pollution is dangerous to everyone’s health
b. Pollution can also stopped slowly
c. Everybody likes air pollution
d. Factories provide people with jobs and products
e. Pollution damages the plants that provide us with food.
10. Word they (paragraph 4 line 1) refers to
a. people
b. air pollution
c. factories
d. crowded cities
e. nobody
UNIT II
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
This type comparative implies that the entities are comparable in a greater or lesser degree. The following rules generally apply to this type of comparative.
1. Add -er the adjective base of most one and two syllable adjective (thick – thicker, cold – colder, quiet – quieter).
2. Use the form more + adjective for most three syllable adjectives (more beautiful, more important, more believable).
3. Use form more + adjective or adjectives ending in the following suffixes: -ed, -gul, -ing, and -ous (more hated, more useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious).
4. Double the final consonant of one syllable adjective which end in a single consonant (except, w, x, and z) and are preceded by a single vowel (big – bigger, red – redder, hot – hotter).
5. When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to I and add -er (happy – happier, dry – drier).
Note : The -er suffix means exactly the same as more. Therefore they can never be used together. It is not correct to say more prettier, more faster, more better.
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
Comparative Adjective indicates that something has more quality than something else. We cam simply use
However, we must consider the following rules.
Rule Positive Comparative
One syllable adjectives and adverb Add –er Dark
Big
Long
fast Darker
Bigger
Longer
Faster
Two syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -y -y + -er = ier Pretty
Sharply Prettier
Shapelier
Adjectives and adverbs with more than one syllable More + adjective Important
Intelligently More important
More intelligently
Example : - Indra is 130 cm height. Duta is 150 cm height. Duta is taller than Indra.
- I got C in Math. I got B in English. Math is more difficult than English.
Superlative Adjectives indicate that something has more quality than anything of its kind. The superlative adjectives is formed by
There are some rules to consider.
Rule Positive Comparative
One syllable adjectives and adverbs Add –est Dark
Big
Long
Fast Darkest
Biggest
Longest
Fastest
Two syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -y -y + -est = iest Pretty
Sharply Prettiest
Shapeliest
Adjective and adverbs with more than one syllable The most + adjective Important
Intelligently The most important
The most intelligently
Example : - All students got C in physics but got A. he is the smartest student in the class/ of all.
- Every student can do almost all questions but they can not do the question number 7. The number 7 is the most difficult question of all.
- Zenedine Zidane is the best football player of 2002.
Irregular Forms
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good/well
Bad/badly
Old
Far
Much/many
Little Better
Worse
Older/elder
Farther/further
More
Less Best
Worst
Oldest/eldest
Farther/furthest
Most
Least
We form the comparative degree of one syllable adjective by adding -er
- cold - colder
- bright - brighter
We usually form the comparative degree of adjective with more than two syllables by using more
- difficult - more difficult
- beautiful - more beautiful
Good and bad have special comparative forms
- good - better
- bad - worse
The comparative form of all adjectives is followed by than
- She is taller than her sister.
- This exercise is more difficult than that one
- This book is better than that one
Adjective yang terdiri dari satu suku kata ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est seperti:
Positive Comparative Superlative Meaning
Small smaller smallest kecil
Short shorter shortest pendek
Rich richer richest kaya
Thick ticker thickest tebal
Long longer longest panjang
Hard harder hardest keras
Fast faster fastest cepat
Quick quicker quickest cepat
Deep deeper deepest dalam
Loud louder loudest nyaring
Poor poorer poorest miskin
Cheap cheaper cheapest murah
Great greater greatest besar/hebat
Tall taller tallest tinggi
High higher highest tinggi
Kind kinder kindest ramah
Near nearer nearest dekat
Light lighter lightest terang
Cool cooler coolest dingin
Dear dearer dearest yang terhormat
Low lower lowest rendah
New newer newest baru
Old older oldest tua/lama
Strong stronger strongest kuat
Weak weaker weakest lemah
Young younger youngest muda
Exercise
A. Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjective or superlative adjective in parentheses.
1. He is (young) _____1 I am.
2. Mr. Smith is much (old) ____2 I expected.
3. Grace is (old) _____3 girl in our class.
4. This is (expensive) ____4 book that I own.
5. Chicago is (big) _____5 Paris.
6. George (bad) _____6 student in the class.
7. The herald is (important) _____7 newspaper in the town.
8. This book is (good) _____8 the lost one we used.
9. Tokyo is (large) ______9 city in the world today.
10. The weather this winter (bad) _____10 the weather last winter.
11. This exercise is (easy) _____11 the last one.
12. This metal is (valuable) _____12 gold.
13. Eris was (attractive) _____13 girl at the party.
14. She also wore (pretty) _____14 dress.
15. John is much (clever) _____15 his brother.
16. January is (cold) _____16 month of the year.
17. This summer is (hot) _____17 last summer.
18. The pacific is (large) _____18 ocean in the world.
19. This chair is (comfortable) _____19 chair in the whole house.
20. John’s car was much (expensive) _____20 my car.
21. These exercises are (difficult) _____21 my car.
22. He is (ambitious) _____22 boy that I knew.
23. This street is even (wide) _____23 broadways.
24. Jane is (attractive) _____24 her sister.
25. The story which you told was (funny) _____25 of all.
B. Make the comparison from the table given
• Eraser : Rp 1.750,-
• Pen : Rp 2.550,-
• Book : Rp 3.425,-
1. The eraser …………………………the pen.
2. The pen …………………………….the book.
3. The eraser ………………………….of all.
4. The book ……………………………the pen.
5. The pen ……………………………..the eraser.
6. The book ……………………………of all.
News Item (Berita)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks:
• Kejadian inti;(Newsworthy events)
• Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat kejadian dsb.(Background Events)
• Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb.(sources)
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
• Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline
• Menggunakan action verbs
• Menggunakan saying verbs, misalnya say, tell, dsb.
• Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most beautiful bride in the world, dsb.
2. Contoh dan Struktur Teks:
Town ‘Contaminated
Kejadian Inti Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Latar belakang: elaborasi Yelena Vazrshavskya was the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tons of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Sumber Informasi A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Exercise 1: Answer the question
1. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
2. …another Soviet nuclear catastrophe…
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
3. How many people who die?
4. Who was the first journalist speaking to witnessed?
5. Who was the source of the text?
6. When did the accident happen?
7. What is the dominant structure of the text?
8. …more than 600 tons of contaminated material…
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
9. What happened with the nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo?
10.
MELBOURNE, Jan 22 (UPI) — Fire authorities in four Australian states are to control bushfires fanned by strong winds and searing temperature.
The Australian reported Sunday that blazes continued in South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria, where up to six homes have destroyed. In South Australia, much of Adelide is engulfed in thick smoke. The firefighters who are confronted by blast-furnace winds try to bring the flames under control.
At Robertstown in the state’s mid-north, more than 2,500 acres have already burned. Another bushfire, started by lightening, charred the earth near Mouth Flat on the southern side of Kangoroo Island, while Ngarkat Conservation Park, in the State’s upper-southeast, is also a blaze.
A 7,500-acre fire at Mount Agnew in Zeehan, in the state’s west, broke containment lines Saturday afternoon, jumping a road and coming close homes.
The most serious fires were in Voctoria, where up to six homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie, 36 miles west of Melbourne.
In Tasmania, falling temperatures and patchy rain brought some relief to firefighters, who continued to monitor 22 blazes across the state.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the text about?
2. "..., while Ngarkat Conservation Park, in the state's upper-southeast, is also a blaze.” (Paragraph 3)
What do the underlined words mean?
3. The fires increasingly happened in some parts of Australia because of…
4. The reporter most likely got the information from…
5. How many homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie?
6. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
7. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
8. …. homes were destroyed… (paragraph 5)
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
9. What happened in Tasmania?
10.
UNIT IV
Tag Questions
You speak English, don't you?
A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.
A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure is:
+
Positive statement, -
negative tag?
Snow is white, isn't it?
isn't it? +
positive tag?
You don't like me, do you?
Look at these examples with positive statements:
positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:
subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary not personal
pronoun
(same as subject)
You are coming, are n't you?
We have finished, have n't we?
You do like coffee, do n't you?
You like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like...
They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not
I can come, can 't I?
We must go, must n't we?
He should try harder, should n't he?
You are English, are n't you? no auxiliary for main verb be present & past
John was there, was n't he?
Look at these examples with negative statements:
negative statement [-] positive tag [+]
subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal
pronoun
(same as subject)
It is n't raining, is it?
We have never seen that, have we?
You do n't like coffee, do you?
They will not help, will they?
They wo n't report us, will they?
I can never do it right, can I?
We must n't tell her, must we?
He should n't drive so fast, should he?
You are n't English, are you?
John was not there, was he?
Some special cases:
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven't I? use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post, did it? treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)
Here are some mixed examples:
• But you don't really love her, do you?
• This will work, won't it?
• Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
• But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
• We'd never have known, would we?
• The weather's bad, isn't it?
• You won't be late, will you?
• Nobody knows, do they?
Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a negative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:
• You don't know of any good jobs, do you?
• You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
• You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?
Intonation
We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. With rising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real answer:
intonation
You don't know where my wallet is, do you? / rising real question
It's a beautiful view, isn't it? \ falling not a real question
Answers to tag questions
A question tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.
How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an opposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!
Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.
For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct answers:
tag question correct answer
Snow is white, isn't it? Yes (it is). the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS WHITE! but notice the change of stress when the answerer does not agree with the questioner
Snow isn't white, is it? Yes it is!
Snow is black, isn't it? No it isn't! the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS NOT BLACK!
Snow isn't black, is it? No (it isn't).
In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!
Here are some more examples, with correct answers:
• The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
• The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
• The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
• Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
• Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
• Men don't have babies, do they? No.
• The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.
Tag Questions Quiz
1 He's still sleeping, …………..?
2 You go to school, …………..?
3 You like to eat apple……………?
4 We won't be late, …………?
5 She has a new house, …………?
6 They will wash the car, …………?
7 We didn’t lock the doors, …………..?
8 I'm correct, ……………?
9 So you bought a car, ……..? Congratulations!
10 You don’t want to invite my Dad, ………?
Descriptive
Jenis Teks: Description (Deskripsi)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu.
(b) Struktur Teks:
● Pengenalan subjek;
● Ciri-ciri subjek, misalnya tampilan fisik, kualitas, perilaku umum, sifat-sifat.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan:
• nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,my cat, dsb.
• simple present tense.
• detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
• berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya, two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb.
• relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My mum is realy cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
• thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, dsb.
• action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
• abverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut, misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
• bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor, misalnya John is white as chalk, sat tight,dsb
Goa Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave
In the cave Nyi (Mrs.) Kamiyem and Ki (Mr.) Padmo sit on a big stone. Nyi Kamiyem will sing a song and Ki Padmo will beat the drum. Joining them are people called wiyogo which are drummers and other gamelan musicians.
What makes this unique is that they mix gamelan with the sounds of nature. The visitors dance, forgetting all problems.
Many tourists go to this cave. Maybe you are interested in going there too. But you don’t know where it is. Gua Tabuhan is located near Pacitan in East Java. It is situated in a lime hill called Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The route is easy. Along the road there is beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy-rice fields, coconut-palms and birds.
East of the cave peddlers sell souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers are on the north. People sell agates on the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a fair.
It is said that the cave is the only place where nature produces sounds like the music of gamelan. Nyi Kamiyem, the well-known pesinden (traditional Javanese singer) from, the village of Gabuhan, who often sings in the cave, does not doubt it.
Gua Tabuhan did not use to welcome visitors. According to Kartowiryo (90), village elder, Gua Tabuhan used to be a hiding place for robbers. It was believed to be a sacred place. No one dared go inside. However, Wedana (chief of a district) Kertodiprojo, went to the cave to find out what was wrong. He found out that the cave was inhabited by the annoying evil spirits. The people chased the spirits away.
The cave is dark, so people need lights, and a local guide will lead the way, sometimes visitors bump their head against the sharp rocks on the ceiling.
Inside the cave there is a plain. Big stone which is believed to be the prayer mat of Pangeran Dipenogoro, one of the Indonesian heroes who fought against the Dutch, It is said that Pangeran Diponegoro used to seclude himself in the cave. Some people now use the place for meditation.
There is a stream in the cave, in the east corner, which can only be seen outside. However, it can be heard from inside.
Besides the cave, Watukarang, a beach nearby, is good to visit. By the way, want different souvenirs? You can find them in Donorodjo village where agate craftsman work. So, have a nice journey.
Taken from Hello English Magazine, January 1996
A. Read the text entitled "Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave” And answer the following questions.
1. What do you call people who join Mrs Kamiyem and Mr Padmo in the cave?
2. Where is Gua Tabuhan located?
3. What will you be able to see along the road to Gua Tabuhan?
4. Where can you find peddlers selling souvenirs?
5. What is Mrs Kamiyem?
6. How old is Mr Kartowiryo?
7. What did Kertodiprojo find out inside the cave?
8. What do people need to enter the cave?
9. What did Pangeran. Diponegoro use to do in the cave?
10. Can you see the stream inside the cave?
B. State whether each of the sentence is true (T) or false (F)
1. T - F You find the drink and food peddlers on the east of the cave,
2. T - F The visitors will forget all their problems when hearing the sounds of nature and gamelan.
3. T - F To reach Wareng village the visitor get troubles.
4. T - F Mrs. Kamiyem is not the well-known pesinden.
5. T - F The inside of the cave is like a fair because visitors and peddlers bring light if they come in.
6. T - F The cave is used for meditation.
7. T - F Visitors who visit the cave cannot find water easily,
8. T - F There is only one tourist resort around Wareng village.
9. T - F People who are in the cave can hear the stream.
10. T - F Pangeran Diponegoro secluded himself not inside the cave but outside the cave.
Contoh teks descriptive:
My Pet
I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie.
Brownie is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie does not like bones. Every day it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at school, Brownie plays with my cat. They get along well, and never fight maybe because Brownie does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house gently, and it never eats shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly animal.
Answer the question:
1. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
2. What is the writer’s pet?
3. When I cuddle. What is the meaning the underlined word in Indonesia?
4. What does Brownie eat every day?
5. What does Brownie do when the writer is at school?
6. It has got thick brown fur. What is the antonym of the underlined word?
7. What does Brownie drink every morning?
8. Why Brownie [do] not like bone?
9. Why does brownies get along well with another writer’s pet?
10. How does Brownies treat other animals in the writer’s house?
The Ambarawa Train Museum
The Ambarawa Train Museum houses 21 antique locomotives plus two more, which are stored in the depot. These locomotives are no longer produced; even the factories that made them no longer exist. The main building of this museum is the defunct Ambarawa railway station which was built in 1873. the station covers 127,500 m2.
The oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its operation in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50 km/h – its maximum speed.
A special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the Ambarawa Train Museum to the defunct Bedono train station. This package tour is called Railway Mountain Tour. Why is the trip so special? Because the participants will board an antique train and the train will travel on a 4.9 kilometer-cog railway, which is the only one in the world.
————————————————————————————————————
My friend, Miranda.
Hi friends! This is my friend Miranda. She comes from Sulawesi. She was born in Makasar on June 12, 1980. her hobbies are singing and swimming. She also likes planting flowers very much. She lives at 12 Jalan Jaya. She lives together with her parents and two sisters. They are Mr. and Mrs Yudhatama, Sherina and Tiara. Miranda studies at SMP 7. Her older sister is in the first year of SMA, and Tiara is still in SD. They all love one another
Cara membedakan Jenis Teks (Genre)
Maret 28, 2008 by colorofme
Recount VS Narrative:
Keduanya memakai simple past tense, yang membedakan untuk recount akan ada series of events saja yang berupa urutan kegiatan yang dilakukan, sementara dalam narrative yang ada complication dimana disana ada konflik antar tokoh dalam cerita.
pahami isinya dulu. Nah, di dalam teks Narrative, ciri khasnya selalu ada konflik dan penyelesaian di dalamnya. Sedangkan dalam Recount hanya berisi tentang kejadian-kejadian yang datar. Tapi keduanya sama - sama menggunakan Past Tense
Description VS Report:
Description menggambarkan deskripsi suatu benda, binatang, orang atau tempat secara spesifik, sedangkan report menggambarkan deskripsi benda, binatang, barang atau orang secara umum. contoh text descriptive ” My Cat” “Mount Merapi” etc. Sedangkan contoh text report “Cat”, ” Mountain”.
membedakan Descriptive dengan Report, terletak pada penjelasan dalam deskripsi tersebut. Kalau benda/orang/tempat tersebut hanya satu dan dideskripsikan secara detail/spesifik, maka dia descriptive. Sedangkan kalau deskripsinya hanya secara umum, maka dia Report
Report
News item
Tag ending
UNIT I
Standar Kompetensi
Membaca
Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana berbentuk narrative, descriptive dan news item dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan
Kompetensi Dasar
Merespon makna dalam teks fungsional pendek (misalnya pengumuman, iklan, undangan dll.) resmi dan tak resmi secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari
Report
The communicative purpose:
- To describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, man – made and social phenomenon in our environment
(Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistemtis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia atau gejala-gejala social)
The Generic structure:
General Classification: tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan dan klasifikasinya
Description : tells what phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits, or behaviors (if living) or uses (if non-natural)
(Memberikan penjelasan tentang hal yang dideskripsikan. kalau hal yang dideskripsikan merupakan benda hidup maka bisa dideskripsikan bagian – bagiannya, kualitasnya, kebiasaanya, atau perilakunya. Kalau benda mati maka yang dideskripsikan adalah kegunannya)
- Ciri Kebahasaan
• General noun, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Island’
• Relating verb untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya Reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilian)
• Action verbs dalam menjelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly
• Present tense untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang umum, misalnya komodo dragons weight more than 160 kg
• Istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen
• Paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi
• Focus on generic participants (Fokus pada hal yang dideskripsikan secara umum)
Text I
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
Whales are the largest animals on earth. Bigger than elephants, they may grow 95 feet long, and weigh 150 tons. A baby blue whale, just born can be 23 feet long and weigh 3 tons.
General Classification
Although whales live in the oceans and swim like fish they are not fish. They are mammals, like cows and elephants. Unlike fish they bear young alive, not as eggs. Their babies live on their mother’s milk. They breathe through their lungs and hold their breathe when they go under water. If they cannot come to the surface to breathe fresh air, they will drown. They are warm-blooded. Fish, however, lay eggs, breathe oxygen in the water, and are cold-blooded.
Description
Whales live in the oceans. In the winter some of them go to warm waters to breed and in the summer most of them go to cold waters to feed. There are two kinds of whales, whales with teeth (toothed whales) and whales without teeth (baleen whale). The tooted whales eat fish and squid, which they can catch with their teeth, although they swallow their food without chewing it. The baleen whales eat plankton (small sea animals and plants). When they find plankton, they open their mouths and swim into the plankton. When they close their mouths they squeeze out the water and swallow the plankton
Description
Whales have few enemies. Only human and the killer whales attack whales. And whales do not seem to fight among themselves. They usually live from 20 to 30 years.
Description
Exercise 1
1. What is the difference between whales and fish?
___________________________________________________________
2. How do the whales breathe?
___________________________________________________________
3. How many kinds of whale? What are they?
___________________________________________________________
4. What are the enemies of whales?
___________________________________________________________
5. …….most of them go to cold waters to feed
What does the underlined word mean?
___________________________________________________________
6. Do the whales live in the river? Why / why not?
___________________________________________________________
7. Why do they go to cold waters in summer?
___________________________________________________________
8. What is the main idea of second paragraph?
___________________________________________________________
9. Do the whales lay the eggs? Why / why not?
___________________________________________________________
10. They bear young alive
What is the Synonym of the underlined word?
___________________________________________________________
Text 2
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
The Sumatran elephant’s is in Sumatra, Indonesia. The average male elephant reaches eight feet high and weighs up to one ton. The males are always larger than the females. They are massive creatures.
General Classification
Elephants have a trunk, two tusks, two eyes, two ears and two lumps on their head. They are known to be clever animals. When an elephant is hot, they fan themselves by flapping their ears back and forth. When an elephant herd wants to move they use their ears as a guide. Their hearing range is very large. Elephant hear some noises that can not be heard by a human ear.
Description
Sumatran elephants have enough strength to knock down a tree. They can also pick up a log using just their trunk and their tusks. Their trunk is their nose. They also use it like a hand. Just below their trunk they have their tusks. Only male Sumatran elephants have tusks. A baby elephant is called a calf: the females are called cows.
Description
Exercise 2
1. What do you call a baby elephant?
___________________________________________________________
2. What do elephants use to pick up a log?
___________________________________________________________
3. What are the uses of an elephant’s trunks?
___________________________________________________________
4. How tall is the male elephant?
___________________________________________________________
5. Do female elephants have tusks?
___________________________________________________________
6. What do you call female elephants?
___________________________________________________________
7. How do elephants keep themselves cool?
___________________________________________________________
8. Where do you find the tusks?
___________________________________________________________
9. They are massive creatures
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
___________________________________________________________
10. Who has the better hearing, human or elephant? Why?
___________________________________________________________
Text 3
REPORT TEXT GENERIC STRUCTURE
Eagles are large birds of prey which mainly inhabit Eurasia and Africa. Outside these two areas, just two species (the Bald and Golden Eagles) can be found in North America - (north of Mexico), a few species in Central and South America, and three others in Australia. General Classification
Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard or Red-tailed Hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the vultures. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. Description
Text 4
The fish are dying in the Adirondack lakes in northern New York Sate. Fishermen are worried. This used to be a favorite spot for sport fishing. But every year there are fewer fish. Some lakes – 6% of them – now have no fish at all. Scientists are beginning to get worried too. What is killing the fish?
The cause of this is acid rain. Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused by factories that use burn coal or oil or gas. These factories send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories some of unhealthy thing in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away. This is what is happening in the Adirondacks. There are many factories in the Midwestern states. They are sending a lot of smoke into the air. The wind blows the smoke towards the air. That means towards New York State and the Adirondack area.
The rain in the Adirondacks is not natural and clean any more. It is full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidic. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice. It hurts when it gets in your eyes. It is dying in the Adirondacks.
Exercise 3
1. The topic of the text is ________
a. the Adirondack lakes
b. acid rain
c. air population
d. fish killers
e. factories in the Midwestern states
2. The problem that the writer point out in the text is that _______
a. fish has become scarce in the united states
b. there are too many factories in the Midwestern states
c. six percent of fish in the Adirondack lakes in dying
d. the total catch of fish in the Adirondack lakes is decreasing
e. many rain carries a lot of smoke hundreds of miles away.
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about acid rain?
a. Acid rain kill all living things in the Adirondacks
b. Acid rain causes air pollution in northern New York State
c. Smoke emitted by factories creates poisonous acid rain
d. Coal, oil or gas increase the level of poison in acid rain
e. Acid rain carries a lot of smoke hundreds of miles away
4. The rain in the Adirondacks is harmful to the environment, because:
a. the wind that blows from the Midwestern states send a lot of smoke containing dangerous chemicals
b. the rain comes from an area where air is badly polluted by factory wastes
c. air pollution caused by factories burning coal, oil or gas has been a problem in the Adirondacks
d. factories operating in the Adirondack area send polluted smoke high in the air and come down with the rain
e. the Adirondack area is geographically located in one the Midwestern states which is a center of industry
5. If water form an acidic lake gets into our eyes, it will?
a. be like vinegar
b. cause blindness
c. clean them
d. be like lemon juice
e. hurt them
6. The main idea of third paragraph is?
a. Factories use burn coal or oil or gas
b. The fish are dying in the Adirondack lakes
c. The rain in the Adirondack is not natural and clean anymore
d. Scientists are beginning to get worried
e. The cause of acid rain
7. They are sending a lot of smoke into the air
The underlined word refers to ….
a. Fish
b. rain
c. fisherman
d. scientist
e. factories
8. Why the rain in Adirondack is not natural and clean anymore?
a. it is full of acid chemicals
b. some lakes have no fish at all
c. it is used to be a favorite sport fishing
d. there is no rain at fall
e. it is a long summer
9. Adirondack is in …..
a. British
b. USA
c. Indonesia
d. Australia
e. Mexico
10. Why do the fishermen worry about it? Because….
a. There is no rain at all
b. The water in the lake is dry
c. It is rain all day
d. The factories produce the fish
e. The total catch of fish is decreasing
Text 5
Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the world today. People make the air dirty which machines that produce gases and smoke. Badly polluted air can cause sickness and even death. Everyone wants to stop pollution, but it is a difficult problem to solve.
Most of our pollution is caused by things that people need. Automobiles and air planes cause pollution, but they also provide people with transportation. Factories cause air pollution, but they also provide people with jobs and products. In crowded cities, thousands of automobiles and factories can add tons of pollution to the air everyday.
Nobody likes air pollution. It makes clear, fresh air look cloudy and small bad. It is dangerous to everyone’s health. Air pollution damages the plants that provide us with food. Most materials wear out more quickly in polluted air than they do in clean air. Polluted air can even damage strong materials like steel and concrete.
If people wanted to stop pollution immediately, they would have to stop using many of the machines that machines that make life easier for them. Most people do not want to do that. Pollution can also be produce less pollution. People can work together to persuade businesses to be more concerned about the problem.
1. Air pollution is a difficult………..to solve
a. Product
b. project
c. Program
d. people
e. Problem
2. Air pollution can damage………... that provide food.
a. Restaurants
b. people
c. cities
d. plants
e. factories
3. Word they (paragraph 3, line 3) refer to……...
a. engineers
b. people
c. materials
d. cities
e. scientists
4. The main idea of paragraph 3 is……….
a. Pollution can stopped slowly
b. People make the air dirty
c. Machines make life easier
d. Pollution is dangerous for everyone’s health
e. Most of pollution is caused by things that people need.
5. Which of the following is the suitable title for the text……...
a. Persuade businesses
b. factories provide jobs
c. Crowded cities
d. air pollution
e. Problem in the word
6. People can become ………..from pollution
a. Sick
b. happy
c. Unhappy
d. dirty
e. angry
7. Most of the pollution is caused by things people………
a. say
b. do
c. need
d. make
e. see
8. Polluted air can even damage………
a. businesses
b. engineers
c. governments
d. steel
e. scientists
9. Which of the following is not true to the text……….
a. Pollution is dangerous to everyone’s health
b. Pollution can also stopped slowly
c. Everybody likes air pollution
d. Factories provide people with jobs and products
e. Pollution damages the plants that provide us with food.
10. Word they (paragraph 4 line 1) refers to
a. people
b. air pollution
c. factories
d. crowded cities
e. nobody
UNIT II
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
This type comparative implies that the entities are comparable in a greater or lesser degree. The following rules generally apply to this type of comparative.
1. Add -er the adjective base of most one and two syllable adjective (thick – thicker, cold – colder, quiet – quieter).
2. Use the form more + adjective for most three syllable adjectives (more beautiful, more important, more believable).
3. Use form more + adjective or adjectives ending in the following suffixes: -ed, -gul, -ing, and -ous (more hated, more useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious).
4. Double the final consonant of one syllable adjective which end in a single consonant (except, w, x, and z) and are preceded by a single vowel (big – bigger, red – redder, hot – hotter).
5. When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to I and add -er (happy – happier, dry – drier).
Note : The -er suffix means exactly the same as more. Therefore they can never be used together. It is not correct to say more prettier, more faster, more better.
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
Comparative Adjective indicates that something has more quality than something else. We cam simply use
However, we must consider the following rules.
Rule Positive Comparative
One syllable adjectives and adverb Add –er Dark
Big
Long
fast Darker
Bigger
Longer
Faster
Two syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -y -y + -er = ier Pretty
Sharply Prettier
Shapelier
Adjectives and adverbs with more than one syllable More + adjective Important
Intelligently More important
More intelligently
Example : - Indra is 130 cm height. Duta is 150 cm height. Duta is taller than Indra.
- I got C in Math. I got B in English. Math is more difficult than English.
Superlative Adjectives indicate that something has more quality than anything of its kind. The superlative adjectives is formed by
There are some rules to consider.
Rule Positive Comparative
One syllable adjectives and adverbs Add –est Dark
Big
Long
Fast Darkest
Biggest
Longest
Fastest
Two syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -y -y + -est = iest Pretty
Sharply Prettiest
Shapeliest
Adjective and adverbs with more than one syllable The most + adjective Important
Intelligently The most important
The most intelligently
Example : - All students got C in physics but got A. he is the smartest student in the class/ of all.
- Every student can do almost all questions but they can not do the question number 7. The number 7 is the most difficult question of all.
- Zenedine Zidane is the best football player of 2002.
Irregular Forms
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good/well
Bad/badly
Old
Far
Much/many
Little Better
Worse
Older/elder
Farther/further
More
Less Best
Worst
Oldest/eldest
Farther/furthest
Most
Least
We form the comparative degree of one syllable adjective by adding -er
- cold - colder
- bright - brighter
We usually form the comparative degree of adjective with more than two syllables by using more
- difficult - more difficult
- beautiful - more beautiful
Good and bad have special comparative forms
- good - better
- bad - worse
The comparative form of all adjectives is followed by than
- She is taller than her sister.
- This exercise is more difficult than that one
- This book is better than that one
Adjective yang terdiri dari satu suku kata ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est seperti:
Positive Comparative Superlative Meaning
Small smaller smallest kecil
Short shorter shortest pendek
Rich richer richest kaya
Thick ticker thickest tebal
Long longer longest panjang
Hard harder hardest keras
Fast faster fastest cepat
Quick quicker quickest cepat
Deep deeper deepest dalam
Loud louder loudest nyaring
Poor poorer poorest miskin
Cheap cheaper cheapest murah
Great greater greatest besar/hebat
Tall taller tallest tinggi
High higher highest tinggi
Kind kinder kindest ramah
Near nearer nearest dekat
Light lighter lightest terang
Cool cooler coolest dingin
Dear dearer dearest yang terhormat
Low lower lowest rendah
New newer newest baru
Old older oldest tua/lama
Strong stronger strongest kuat
Weak weaker weakest lemah
Young younger youngest muda
Exercise
A. Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjective or superlative adjective in parentheses.
1. He is (young) _____1 I am.
2. Mr. Smith is much (old) ____2 I expected.
3. Grace is (old) _____3 girl in our class.
4. This is (expensive) ____4 book that I own.
5. Chicago is (big) _____5 Paris.
6. George (bad) _____6 student in the class.
7. The herald is (important) _____7 newspaper in the town.
8. This book is (good) _____8 the lost one we used.
9. Tokyo is (large) ______9 city in the world today.
10. The weather this winter (bad) _____10 the weather last winter.
11. This exercise is (easy) _____11 the last one.
12. This metal is (valuable) _____12 gold.
13. Eris was (attractive) _____13 girl at the party.
14. She also wore (pretty) _____14 dress.
15. John is much (clever) _____15 his brother.
16. January is (cold) _____16 month of the year.
17. This summer is (hot) _____17 last summer.
18. The pacific is (large) _____18 ocean in the world.
19. This chair is (comfortable) _____19 chair in the whole house.
20. John’s car was much (expensive) _____20 my car.
21. These exercises are (difficult) _____21 my car.
22. He is (ambitious) _____22 boy that I knew.
23. This street is even (wide) _____23 broadways.
24. Jane is (attractive) _____24 her sister.
25. The story which you told was (funny) _____25 of all.
B. Make the comparison from the table given
• Eraser : Rp 1.750,-
• Pen : Rp 2.550,-
• Book : Rp 3.425,-
1. The eraser …………………………the pen.
2. The pen …………………………….the book.
3. The eraser ………………………….of all.
4. The book ……………………………the pen.
5. The pen ……………………………..the eraser.
6. The book ……………………………of all.
News Item (Berita)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks:
• Kejadian inti;(Newsworthy events)
• Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat kejadian dsb.(Background Events)
• Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb.(sources)
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
• Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline
• Menggunakan action verbs
• Menggunakan saying verbs, misalnya say, tell, dsb.
• Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most beautiful bride in the world, dsb.
2. Contoh dan Struktur Teks:
Town ‘Contaminated
Kejadian Inti Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Latar belakang: elaborasi Yelena Vazrshavskya was the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tons of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Sumber Informasi A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Exercise 1: Answer the question
1. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
2. …another Soviet nuclear catastrophe…
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
3. How many people who die?
4. Who was the first journalist speaking to witnessed?
5. Who was the source of the text?
6. When did the accident happen?
7. What is the dominant structure of the text?
8. …more than 600 tons of contaminated material…
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
9. What happened with the nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo?
10.
MELBOURNE, Jan 22 (UPI) — Fire authorities in four Australian states are to control bushfires fanned by strong winds and searing temperature.
The Australian reported Sunday that blazes continued in South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria, where up to six homes have destroyed. In South Australia, much of Adelide is engulfed in thick smoke. The firefighters who are confronted by blast-furnace winds try to bring the flames under control.
At Robertstown in the state’s mid-north, more than 2,500 acres have already burned. Another bushfire, started by lightening, charred the earth near Mouth Flat on the southern side of Kangoroo Island, while Ngarkat Conservation Park, in the State’s upper-southeast, is also a blaze.
A 7,500-acre fire at Mount Agnew in Zeehan, in the state’s west, broke containment lines Saturday afternoon, jumping a road and coming close homes.
The most serious fires were in Voctoria, where up to six homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie, 36 miles west of Melbourne.
In Tasmania, falling temperatures and patchy rain brought some relief to firefighters, who continued to monitor 22 blazes across the state.
Answer the questions:
1. What is the text about?
2. "..., while Ngarkat Conservation Park, in the state's upper-southeast, is also a blaze.” (Paragraph 3)
What do the underlined words mean?
3. The fires increasingly happened in some parts of Australia because of…
4. The reporter most likely got the information from…
5. How many homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie?
6. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
7. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
8. …. homes were destroyed… (paragraph 5)
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
9. What happened in Tasmania?
10.
UNIT IV
Tag Questions
You speak English, don't you?
A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.
A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure is:
+
Positive statement, -
negative tag?
Snow is white, isn't it?
isn't it? +
positive tag?
You don't like me, do you?
Look at these examples with positive statements:
positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:
subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary not personal
pronoun
(same as subject)
You are coming, are n't you?
We have finished, have n't we?
You do like coffee, do n't you?
You like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like...
They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not
I can come, can 't I?
We must go, must n't we?
He should try harder, should n't he?
You are English, are n't you? no auxiliary for main verb be present & past
John was there, was n't he?
Look at these examples with negative statements:
negative statement [-] positive tag [+]
subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal
pronoun
(same as subject)
It is n't raining, is it?
We have never seen that, have we?
You do n't like coffee, do you?
They will not help, will they?
They wo n't report us, will they?
I can never do it right, can I?
We must n't tell her, must we?
He should n't drive so fast, should he?
You are n't English, are you?
John was not there, was he?
Some special cases:
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven't I? use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post, did it? treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)
Here are some mixed examples:
• But you don't really love her, do you?
• This will work, won't it?
• Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
• But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
• We'd never have known, would we?
• The weather's bad, isn't it?
• You won't be late, will you?
• Nobody knows, do they?
Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a negative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:
• You don't know of any good jobs, do you?
• You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
• You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?
Intonation
We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. With rising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real answer:
intonation
You don't know where my wallet is, do you? / rising real question
It's a beautiful view, isn't it? \ falling not a real question
Answers to tag questions
A question tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.
How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an opposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!
Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.
For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct answers:
tag question correct answer
Snow is white, isn't it? Yes (it is). the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS WHITE! but notice the change of stress when the answerer does not agree with the questioner
Snow isn't white, is it? Yes it is!
Snow is black, isn't it? No it isn't! the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS NOT BLACK!
Snow isn't black, is it? No (it isn't).
In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!
Here are some more examples, with correct answers:
• The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
• The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
• The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
• Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
• Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
• Men don't have babies, do they? No.
• The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.
Tag Questions Quiz
1 He's still sleeping, …………..?
2 You go to school, …………..?
3 You like to eat apple……………?
4 We won't be late, …………?
5 She has a new house, …………?
6 They will wash the car, …………?
7 We didn’t lock the doors, …………..?
8 I'm correct, ……………?
9 So you bought a car, ……..? Congratulations!
10 You don’t want to invite my Dad, ………?
Descriptive
Jenis Teks: Description (Deskripsi)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu.
(b) Struktur Teks:
● Pengenalan subjek;
● Ciri-ciri subjek, misalnya tampilan fisik, kualitas, perilaku umum, sifat-sifat.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan:
• nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,my cat, dsb.
• simple present tense.
• detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
• berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya, two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb.
• relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My mum is realy cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
• thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, dsb.
• action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
• abverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut, misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
• bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor, misalnya John is white as chalk, sat tight,dsb
Goa Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave
In the cave Nyi (Mrs.) Kamiyem and Ki (Mr.) Padmo sit on a big stone. Nyi Kamiyem will sing a song and Ki Padmo will beat the drum. Joining them are people called wiyogo which are drummers and other gamelan musicians.
What makes this unique is that they mix gamelan with the sounds of nature. The visitors dance, forgetting all problems.
Many tourists go to this cave. Maybe you are interested in going there too. But you don’t know where it is. Gua Tabuhan is located near Pacitan in East Java. It is situated in a lime hill called Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The route is easy. Along the road there is beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy-rice fields, coconut-palms and birds.
East of the cave peddlers sell souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers are on the north. People sell agates on the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a fair.
It is said that the cave is the only place where nature produces sounds like the music of gamelan. Nyi Kamiyem, the well-known pesinden (traditional Javanese singer) from, the village of Gabuhan, who often sings in the cave, does not doubt it.
Gua Tabuhan did not use to welcome visitors. According to Kartowiryo (90), village elder, Gua Tabuhan used to be a hiding place for robbers. It was believed to be a sacred place. No one dared go inside. However, Wedana (chief of a district) Kertodiprojo, went to the cave to find out what was wrong. He found out that the cave was inhabited by the annoying evil spirits. The people chased the spirits away.
The cave is dark, so people need lights, and a local guide will lead the way, sometimes visitors bump their head against the sharp rocks on the ceiling.
Inside the cave there is a plain. Big stone which is believed to be the prayer mat of Pangeran Dipenogoro, one of the Indonesian heroes who fought against the Dutch, It is said that Pangeran Diponegoro used to seclude himself in the cave. Some people now use the place for meditation.
There is a stream in the cave, in the east corner, which can only be seen outside. However, it can be heard from inside.
Besides the cave, Watukarang, a beach nearby, is good to visit. By the way, want different souvenirs? You can find them in Donorodjo village where agate craftsman work. So, have a nice journey.
Taken from Hello English Magazine, January 1996
A. Read the text entitled "Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave” And answer the following questions.
1. What do you call people who join Mrs Kamiyem and Mr Padmo in the cave?
2. Where is Gua Tabuhan located?
3. What will you be able to see along the road to Gua Tabuhan?
4. Where can you find peddlers selling souvenirs?
5. What is Mrs Kamiyem?
6. How old is Mr Kartowiryo?
7. What did Kertodiprojo find out inside the cave?
8. What do people need to enter the cave?
9. What did Pangeran. Diponegoro use to do in the cave?
10. Can you see the stream inside the cave?
B. State whether each of the sentence is true (T) or false (F)
1. T - F You find the drink and food peddlers on the east of the cave,
2. T - F The visitors will forget all their problems when hearing the sounds of nature and gamelan.
3. T - F To reach Wareng village the visitor get troubles.
4. T - F Mrs. Kamiyem is not the well-known pesinden.
5. T - F The inside of the cave is like a fair because visitors and peddlers bring light if they come in.
6. T - F The cave is used for meditation.
7. T - F Visitors who visit the cave cannot find water easily,
8. T - F There is only one tourist resort around Wareng village.
9. T - F People who are in the cave can hear the stream.
10. T - F Pangeran Diponegoro secluded himself not inside the cave but outside the cave.
Contoh teks descriptive:
My Pet
I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie.
Brownie is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie does not like bones. Every day it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at school, Brownie plays with my cat. They get along well, and never fight maybe because Brownie does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house gently, and it never eats shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly animal.
Answer the question:
1. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
2. What is the writer’s pet?
3. When I cuddle. What is the meaning the underlined word in Indonesia?
4. What does Brownie eat every day?
5. What does Brownie do when the writer is at school?
6. It has got thick brown fur. What is the antonym of the underlined word?
7. What does Brownie drink every morning?
8. Why Brownie [do] not like bone?
9. Why does brownies get along well with another writer’s pet?
10. How does Brownies treat other animals in the writer’s house?
The Ambarawa Train Museum
The Ambarawa Train Museum houses 21 antique locomotives plus two more, which are stored in the depot. These locomotives are no longer produced; even the factories that made them no longer exist. The main building of this museum is the defunct Ambarawa railway station which was built in 1873. the station covers 127,500 m2.
The oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its operation in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50 km/h – its maximum speed.
A special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the Ambarawa Train Museum to the defunct Bedono train station. This package tour is called Railway Mountain Tour. Why is the trip so special? Because the participants will board an antique train and the train will travel on a 4.9 kilometer-cog railway, which is the only one in the world.
————————————————————————————————————
My friend, Miranda.
Hi friends! This is my friend Miranda. She comes from Sulawesi. She was born in Makasar on June 12, 1980. her hobbies are singing and swimming. She also likes planting flowers very much. She lives at 12 Jalan Jaya. She lives together with her parents and two sisters. They are Mr. and Mrs Yudhatama, Sherina and Tiara. Miranda studies at SMP 7. Her older sister is in the first year of SMA, and Tiara is still in SD. They all love one another
Cara membedakan Jenis Teks (Genre)
Maret 28, 2008 by colorofme
Recount VS Narrative:
Keduanya memakai simple past tense, yang membedakan untuk recount akan ada series of events saja yang berupa urutan kegiatan yang dilakukan, sementara dalam narrative yang ada complication dimana disana ada konflik antar tokoh dalam cerita.
pahami isinya dulu. Nah, di dalam teks Narrative, ciri khasnya selalu ada konflik dan penyelesaian di dalamnya. Sedangkan dalam Recount hanya berisi tentang kejadian-kejadian yang datar. Tapi keduanya sama - sama menggunakan Past Tense
Description VS Report:
Description menggambarkan deskripsi suatu benda, binatang, orang atau tempat secara spesifik, sedangkan report menggambarkan deskripsi benda, binatang, barang atau orang secara umum. contoh text descriptive ” My Cat” “Mount Merapi” etc. Sedangkan contoh text report “Cat”, ” Mountain”.
membedakan Descriptive dengan Report, terletak pada penjelasan dalam deskripsi tersebut. Kalau benda/orang/tempat tersebut hanya satu dan dideskripsikan secara detail/spesifik, maka dia descriptive. Sedangkan kalau deskripsinya hanya secara umum, maka dia Report
Batas Akhir penyerahan tugas
Bagi Kalian yang mempunyai mempunyai masalah dengan pelajaran bahasa inggris disemester satu harap memperbaikinya, batas akhir penyerahan tugas tangggal 19 Januari 2010
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